Table of Contents
What is Rachmans model of OCD?
Rachman’s theory implies that psychoeducation about OCD should begin with presentation of the idea that obsessions are cued by stimuli in the environment [2]. Given that the environment is ripe with cues, clients can expect and should be prepared to expect that the obsessive thought will be cued. by Steven Phillipson, PhD. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder, first and foremost. It is not a thought disorder. Although the thoughts associated with OCD are bizarre, they are not at all the focal point of the therapeutic objective. Neuropsychological studies suggest that the persistent and inflexible thought and behavior of OCD might be affected by higher cognitive impairments related to frontal function, such as executive function, spatial cognition, and nonverbal memory. The most effective psychological treatments for OCD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP).
What is the contemporary model of OCD?
Contemporary cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that OC symptoms arise from negative interpretations of intrusive thoughts, which are derived from trait-like dysfunctional assumptions (obsessive beliefs; e.g., concerning overestimates of responsibility). The DOCS assesses the severity of the four most consistently replicated O-C symptom dimensions: (a) contamination/washing, (b) harm obsessions/checking compulsions, (c) symmetry/ordering, and (d) unacceptable thoughts. Hoarding, which is no longer considered a presentation of OCD, is not assessed. Several factor analytic studies on OCD symptomatology have confirmed the existence of 5 factors (or dimensions, used interchangeably), which are contamination/washing, doubts/checking, symmetry/arranging, unacceptable/taboo thoughts (aggressive, sexual, religious) and hoarding (21, 22). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy, is effective for many people with OCD .
What is the psychodynamic approach to OCD?
Psychodynamic perspective on OCD suggests that in the absence of key relational processes, including emotional proximity, mirroring and containment, and attunement, the child experiences a void-like state. Consequently, the anxiety that arises in the child leads to a form of liveliness in a “dead” inner world. Studies show that OCD patients have excess activity in frontal regions of the brain, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which could explain their intrusive thoughts and high levels of anxiety, respectively. Experts aren’t sure of the exact cause of OCD. Genetics, brain abnormalities, and the environment are thought to play a role. It often starts in the teens or early adulthood. But, it can also start in childhood. The most effective treatments for OCD are Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and/or medication.
What is Clark’s model of OCD?
An important point in Clark’s book is that OCD patients must give up their efforts to control their obsessions (much like panic patients must give up their efforts to control their symptoms). Clark views compulsions as counterproductive attempts to control obsessions by neutralization. The OCD cycle consists of 4 basic parts: obsessions, anxiety, compulsions, and temporary relief. It’s considered a “vicious” cycle because once you get pulled into it, it gains momentum and strength, making it even more difficult for you to get out. The manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) centers around two core symptoms, obsessions, and compulsions. Symptoms can range in severity and content type, creating a diverse presentation depending on what is most distressing or prominent. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is comprised of four distinct elements: obsessions, compulsions, avoidances, and distress. By understanding each of these elements, it is possible to more clearly understand the diagnosis and how it differs from routine worries and habits. Serotonergic antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine, are the established pharmacologic first-line treatment of OCD. Medium to large dosages and acute treatment for at least 3 months are recommended until efficacy is assessed. Clark & Wells’ model proposes that during an acute episode of social anxiety, the anxious individual will process themselves as a social object – a key marker of which is an increase in self-consciousness.
What is the diathesis-stress model of OCD?
The diathesis-stress model, also known as the vulnerability–stress model, is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences. Diathesis refers to a predisposition or vulnerability to developing a mental disorder. This can be due to genetic factors, early life experiences, or other biological susceptibilities. Stress refers to the environmental factors that trigger the onset of mental illness or exacerbate existing conditions. Over fifty years ago David Rosenthal6 described the diathesis-stress theories as “the ones in which genuine meaning attaches to the commonly repeated statement that heredity and environment interact”. However, he criticised the vague formulations for the predispositions and stressors that these theories propose. The stress-vulnerability model points out that a positive outcome of a psychiatric disorder is more likely if environmental stress is minimized or managed well, medication is taken as prescribed, and alcohol and drug abuse are avoided. Albert Ellis developed the ABC model to help us understand. the connection between adversity (A), our beliefs (B), and our emotional and behavioural responses (C). ■ Sometimes our beliefs about a situation are not accurate, and our reactions. undermine resilient responses. Albert Ellis developed the ABC model to help us understand. the connection between adversity (A), our beliefs (B), and our emotional and behavioural responses (C). ■ Sometimes our beliefs about a situation are not accurate, and our reactions. undermine resilient responses.
Who developed the cognitive model of OCD?
Rachman proposed a specific cognitive theory of the compulsive checking subtype of OCD [7]. According to this theory, individuals with this subtype of OCD have an increased belief in self-responsibility for maintaining the safety of self and others. Current cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that obsessions arise from misinterpretations of the importance and personal significance of unwanted thoughts (Rachman, 1997; Salkovskis, 1998). Body hyperawareness, emotional contamination, perfectionism, obsession with morality, and fear of harming others are all rare and unusual branches of the main disorder of OCD. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder that affects people of all ages and walks of life, and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. The most effective treatments for OCD are Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and/or medication. The DOCS assesses the severity of the four most consistently replicated O-C symptom dimensions: (a) contamination/washing, (b) harm obsessions/checking compulsions, (c) symmetry/ordering, and (d) unacceptable thoughts. Hoarding, which is no longer considered a presentation of OCD, is not assessed.