Table of Contents
What are the four theories of bias?
The social identity theory, the scapegoat theory, the authoritarian personality theory, and the culture theory are the four that are best known. These theories make an effort to explain where prejudice comes from and how it manifests in particular people. Socialization/social reflection theory and social-cognitive development are the two main theories that have been used to explain how prejudice develops. In order to explain how prejudicial attitudes first develop (Allport, 1954; Bandura, 1977), the socialization theory, also known as the social reflection theory, has frequently been used.Intergroup perspectives on racism in social psychology include realistic group conflict theory and social identity theory. These theories place an emphasis on the significance of power and dominance relationships among various social groups in determining patterns of intergroup hostility.According to his theory, prejudices are socially influenced by values that are prejudiced, such as white supremacy. Use of these values in discriminating behavior is limited to those with extremely hostile superegos that are filled with aggressive instincts derived from the death drive.One theory about the roots of prejudice is realistic conflict theory, which states that when resources are scarce, people will be more prejudiced against other groups.The scapegoat theory, authoritarian personality theory, social identity theory, and culture theory are the four that are most well-known.
What are the 2 theories of prejudice?
Two major theories have been used to explain the development of prejudice: socialization/social reflection theory and social-cognitive development. Prejudice is a preconceived attitude that has commonly been used in referring to judgments of one’s race, but is also used when referring to sex, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. The most comprehensive and accepted definition of prejudice was introduced by Gordon Allport [1].The psychological bases for prejudice These include: people’s key values; the ways they see themselves and others; their sense of social identity, and social norms that define who is included in or excluded from social groups.The social-cognitive developmental theory of prejudice (Aboud, 1988) underscores that cognitive changes taking place in the development of adolescents bear directly on the young person’s view of self and others, and therefore on prejudice (Aboud, 2008; p.Prejudice is when someone has a belief (usually negative) about a person or group based on a stereotype. The belief is usually based on a person’s membership (or assumed membership) in a certain group. Prejudice also divides people based on stereotypes.
What is the sociological theory of prejudice?
Sociological Explanations In this view, people who are prejudiced are merely conforming to the culture in which they grow up, and prejudice is the result of socialization from parents, peers, the news media, and other various aspects of their culture. Moving from the broadest to the most specific, the sources of prejudice are categorized as historical, sociocultural, situational, personality based, phenomenological, and based on the qualities of the target of prejudice.Prejudice against people can be based on many parts of their identity, including race, ethnicity, religion, gender or gender identity, sexuality, and language. Such prejudices often create stereotypes about members of such groups.Culture Theory claims some prejudice can be found in everyone, because people are products of the culture they live in – and we live in a prejudiced culture. This is what some people mean when they say everyone’s a little bit racist.A person’s upbringing may cause them to become prejudiced. If parents had prejudices of their own, there is a chance that these opinions will be passed on to the next generation. One bad experience with a person from a particular group can cause a person to think of all people from that group in the same way.
What are the theories to reduce prejudice?
Many intergroup prejudice reduction approaches are grounded in one of 3 main theoretical perspectives: interdependence, intergroup contact, and social identity. Conflict theory, first developed by Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Conflict theory holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity.Conflict theory is based on the thought that groups always compete for limited resources and control, resulting in inequalities in those groups and their associated professions. Conflict occurs when unequal amounts of resources and power exist.Max Weber’s conflict theory posits that there are three main sources of conflict: economic, social, and political. This theory focuses on the competition between social groups, rather than individuals, and attempts to explain social change and stability as a result of group conflict (Marx and Engels, 1847).Functionalism emphasizes the importance of social institutions for social stability and implies that far-reaching social change will be socially harmful. Conflict theory emphasizes social inequality and suggests that far-reaching social change is needed to achieve a just society.The basic premise of Realistic Group Conflict Theory is that prejudice and discrimination have their roots in perceived conflicts of interest between groups (e. LeVine & Campbell, 1972).
What are the 3 types of prejudice?
Research shows that the types of prejudice are numerous and include racism, sexism, lookism, LGBT-based, disability-based, religious-based, and weight-based prejudices. Common features of prejudice include having negative feelings and holding stereotyped beliefs about members of the group, as well as a tendency to discriminate against them. In society, we often see prejudices based on characteristics like race, sex, religion, culture, and more.Prejudice is an attitude, or an overall negative evaluation or devaluation, of a social group and its members. Prejudice entails affective reactions toward social groups (e.A few commonplace examples of prejudice are those based on someone’s race, gender, nationality, social status, sexual orientation, or religious affiliation, and controversies may arise from any given topic.Discrimination can be based on many different characteristics—age, gender, weight, ethnicity, religion, or even politics. For example, prejudice and discrimination based on race is called racism. Oftentimes, gender prejudice or discrimination is referred to as sexism.Examples of affective prejudice can be found, for example, in attitudes toward certain class members such as race, ethnicity, national origin, or belief. Conative prejudice refers to how people tend to behave. This is considered an attitude because people do not act on their feelings.
What are the 5 stages of prejudice?
This research used Gordon Allport is theory of the stages of prejudice which are divided into 5 stages, namely; (1) Antilocutin, (2) Avoidance, (3) Discrimination, (4) Physical attack, and (5) Extermination. Allport’s stages of prejudice are antilocution, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and extermination.Common features of prejudice include having negative feelings and holding stereotyped beliefs about members of the group, as well as a tendency to discriminate against them. In society, we often see prejudices based on characteristics like race, sex, religion, culture, and more.Personality and Prejudice. Authoritarian Personality Theory. The idea that personality might cause prejudice orig- inated from the empirical finding that individuals’ atti- tudes toward different outgroups were typically all positively correlated.Indeed, theories of prejudice now span across three broad levels of analysis: the micro level of individuals, the meso level of face-to-face interaction, and the macro level of cultures and societies (Pettigrew, 2021).These theories attempt to grasp where prejudice comes from and what it looks like in specific individuals.